The state of the art of European defense is not only one of dependency towards the United States, heterogeneousness of strategic cultural backgrounds, variation in threat perceptions, and fragmentation of production and procurement systems. It is also one of distinct national security planning models. Such a difference is the result of a plurality of historical and cultural factors which have been crystallized in distinctive institutional frameworks, specific bureaucratic patterns, and unique planning strategies. While the integration of national defense and security policies among European countries is a priority, such differentiations are hindering and delaying the process.

The aim of the paper is to compare the national defense planning models of Italy and Spain. The two countries share an array of strategic interests and domestic features, and have established an extensive and constructive partnership, especially in terms of collective defense and security operations (EU, NATO, UN). Yet, if one switches the focus from outcome to process, differences abound. While Italy is characterized by a more modular and decentralized planning that favors a more adaptable and operative strategy, Spain has developed a more centralized and doctrinal vision that supports a more unified and comprehensive approach to its national security.

The paper argues that these distinctions are an influential intervening variable that helps explain the still partial integration of the defense and security policies between Italy and Spain.